Therapeutic and surgical indications for patients with penile cancer in the COVID-19 era

ABSTRACT Purpose: The aim of this work is to review and synthesize the existing evidence and recommendations regarding to the therapeutic and surgical indications as well as monitoring of patients with Penile Cancer in COVID-19 era and to propose an action protocol to facilitate decision-making. Material and Methods: A non-systematic review of the literature regarding the management of penile cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic was performed until April 30, 2020. We propose our recommendations based on this evidence. Results: Penile cancer is an uncommon but aggressive disease. Prognosis is determined by several characteristics, being the most important the presence of lymph nodes, in which case, treatment should not be delayed. For these reasons, an initial evaluation is mandatory. Priority classifications, based on the oncological outcomes when treatment is delayed, have been made in order to separate deferrable disease from the one that needs high priority treatment. In penile cancer with low risk of progression, surgical treatment can be delayed, but other options must be considered, like topical treatment or laser therapy. In cases with intermediate risk of progression, surgical treatment may be delayed up to three months, but we must consider radiation therapy and brachytherapy as effective options. When feasible, follow-up should by telemonitoring. Conclusions: In the COVID 19 era, initial evaluation of the patient is mandatory. Histological diagnosis with local staging is necessary before offering any therapeutic option. In case of superficial non-invasive disease, topical treatment is effective in absence of lymph node involvement. In selected patients, radiotherapy is an organpreserving approach with good results. Non-deferrable surgical treatment must be performed by an experienced surgeon and as an outpatient procedure when possible. When indicated, iLND should not be delayed since it is decisive for patient survival. Follow-up should be by telemonitoring.

Survival analysis of penile cancer patients treatedat a tertiary oncology hospital / Análise de sobrevida de pacientes com câncer de pênis tratados em um hospital oncológico terciário

Abstract This article aims to estimate the specific survival of patients with penile cancer treated at a state tertiary oncology hospital. The study included 100 cases incidents patients with penile cancer treated at a cancer center, from 2000 to 2011, follow-up to December 31, 2012. The hospital-based cancer registry and medical records were used as data sources. We used the Kaplan-Meier method to estimate survival and the Cox model was used to assess prognostic factors. All had histology for penile cancer as a basis for diagnosis. For location of the 75% tumor were not specified, followed by 18% located in the glans, 04% in the foreskin. The median survival time was 49 months, 89% presented themselves between stages I and II. Patients with rural occupations had a mean survival time of 75.02 months, patients with non-rural occupations 42.14 months; Patients residing in metropolitan area - Espírito Santo had a mean survival time of 26.03 months, other patients 71.42 months; In patients with compromised lymph nodes, the mean survival time was 30.59 months, and in patients with no compromised lymph nodes, the mean survival time was 75.83 months. This study demonstrates reduced survival in non-rural workers who reside in metropolitan area and who present with compromised lymph nodes and metastasis.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é estimar a sobrevida específica dos pacientes com câncer de pênis atendidos em um hospital de referência em oncologia. Analisou-se 100 casos incidentes de pacientes com câncer de pênis que receberam tratamento no hospital, no período de 2000 a 2011, seguimento até 31 de dezembro de 2012. Utilizou-se como fonte de informação o banco de dados do Registro Hospitalar de Câncer e o prontuário do paciente. Utilizou-se o método de Kaplan-Meier para estimar a sobrevida e o modelo de Cox para investigar os fatores prognósticos. Todos possuíam histologia para câncer do pênis como base para o diagnóstico da doença. Para localização do tumor 75% não foram especificados, seguido de 18% na glande, 04% no prepúcio. O tempo mediano de sobrevida foi de 49 meses, 89% apresentavam-se entre os estádios I e II. Pacientes com ocupação rural apresentaram sobrevida média de 75,02 meses, ocupação não rural de 42,14 meses. Os procedentes da Grande Vitória - Espírito Santo sobrevida média de 26,03 e demais pacientes de 71,42 meses. Homens com linfonodo positivo possuíram sobrevida média de 30,59 meses e, sem comprometimento, 75,83 meses. A presença de metástase esteve associada a menores taxas de sobrevida. Trabalhadores não rurais, proveniente da Grande Vitória, com presença de linfonodo acometido e metástase apresentaram pior sobrevida.

Incidence of penile cancer worldwide: systematic review and meta-analysis / La incidencia mundial del cáncer de pene: revisión sistemática y metanálisis / Incidência mundial do câncer de pênis: revisão sistemática e meta-análise

Objective To determine the global incidence of penile cancer. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies was performed, with no limits on their language of publication. Analyses were performed using Stata 13 statistical software. A random-effects model was used, according to the heterogeneity found in the studies. The main outcome was expressed in terms of age-standardized incidence. Results A total of 23 studies were eligible, with 71 156 penile cancer patients in 86 countries. According to the review conducted, the estimated age-standardized incidence of penile cancer worldwide is 0.84 cases per 100 000 person-years (95% confidence interval: 0.79-0.89). Romania reported the highest incidence, 7.26 per 100 000 person-years, between 1983 and 1987; however, some countries in Latin America and Africa reported an incidence of between 2.0 and 5.7 per 100 000. Conclusions Penile cancer is considered a rare malignancy due to its already-known, particularly low incidence rate. The estimated age-standardized incidence rate by the world standard population today is 0.84 cases per 100 000 person-years. There were no significant differences in the incidence rate of penile cancer with respect to the distribution by continent or the trend over time.

RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar la incidencia mundial del cáncer de pene. Métodos Se realizó una revisión sistemática y un metanálisis de estudios de observación, sin ninguna limitación por el idioma de publicación. Para los análisis se usó el software estadístico Stata 13. Se usó un modelo de efectos aleatorios, conforme a la heterogeneidad encontrada en los estudios. El resultado principal se expresó en términos de incidencia ajustada por la edad. Resultados En total, 23 estudios (con una población total de 71 156 pacientes con cáncer de pene en 86 países) cumplieron con los criterios establecidos. Según esta revisión, se estima que la incidencia ajustada por la edad del cáncer de pene a escala mundial es de 0,84 casos por 100 000 años-persona (intervalo de confianza de 95%: 0,79-0,89). Rumania notificó la incidencia más alta, de 7,26 por 100 000 años-persona, entre 1983 y 1987; sin embargo, algunos países de América Latina y África notificaron una incidencia de entre 2,0 y 5,7 por 100 000. Conclusiones Se considera que el cáncer de pene es una neoplasia maligna rara debido a que la tasa de incidencia conocida es particularmente baja. Hoy en día, la tasa de incidencia ajustada por la edad estimada para la población estándar mundial es de 0,84 casos por 100 000 años-persona. No se observó ninguna diferencia significativa de la tasa de incidencia del cáncer de pene con respecto a la distribución por continente o la tendencia con el transcurso del tiempo.

RESUMO Objetivo Determinar a incidência mundial de câncer de pênis. Métodos Um estudo de revisão sistemática e meta-análise de estudos observacionais foi conduzido, sem restrição do idioma da publicação. As análises foram realizadas com o uso do software de estatística Stata 13. Um modelo de efeitos aleatórios foi usado, segundo a heterogeneidade encontrada nos estudos. O desfecho principal foi expresso como taxa de incidência padronizada por idade. Resultados Vinte e três estudos satisfizeram os critérios, englobando 71.156 pacientes com câncer de pênis em 86 países. De acordo com a revisão conduzida, a taxa de incidência padronizada por idade estimada para o câncer de pênis em todo o mundo é de 0,84 caso por 100.000 pessoas-ano (intervalo de confiança de 95% 0,79-0,89). A Romênia registrou a taxa de incidência mais elevada, 7,26 por 100.000 pessoas-ano, entre 1983 e 1987. Porém, alguns países da América Latina e África registraram taxas de incidência entre 2,0 e 5,7 por 100.000 pessoas-ano. Conclusões O câncer de pênis é uma neoplasia maligna rara devido à sua conhecida taxa de incidência especialmente baixa. A atual taxa de incidência padronizada por idade estimada para a população mundial padrão é de 0,84 caso por 100.000 pessoas-ano. Não foi encontrada diferença significativa na taxa de incidência do câncer de pênis quanto à distribuição por continente ou tendência temporal.

A experiência do câncer peniano e seus tratamentos na perspectiva dos adoecidos / The experience of penile cancer and treatment from the perspective of patients

O câncer de pênis é uma doença de baixa incidência e sua manifestação está associada a fatores intrínsecos e extrínsecos, e sua principal forma de tratamento é a penectomia. Devido à doença ocorrer no órgão genital masculino busquei conhecer como os homens adoecidos lidam com suas masculinidades na situação do adoecimento. Dessa forma, propus a tese de que a cultura influencia na forma como os homens sobreviventes do câncer de pênis lidam com suas masculinidades. Elaborei o objetivo de interpretar os significados atribuídos à experiência com o câncer de pênis e seus tratamentos pelos homens adoecidos. O referencial teórico adotado foi o da antropologia médica e das masculinidades, pois ambas consideram a cultura como um elemento importante no mundo social. Para conhecer a cultura do outro é necessário vivenciá-la de perto, por este motivo optei por desenvolver a etnografia narrativa. Esse método propõe ao pesquisador o uso de técnicas como a observação participante, múltiplas entrevistas, uso do diário de campo, análise temática e a apresentação dos resultados na estrutura de narrativas que contenham a estória das vivências dos participantes. Ressalto que a narrativa tem como principal objetivo mostrar as transformações vividas pelos depoentes, considerando os aspectos comuns e divergentes dos entrevistados. Foram selecionados 18 homens com o diagnóstico de câncer de pênis no ambulatório de uro- oncologia de um hospital do interior paulista. As características sociais e clínicas dos entrevistados são semelhantes aos dados nacionais e internacionais em relação à baixa incidência da doença, faixa etária e os tratamentos empregados. Diante do processo de análise foi possível construir oito sínteses temáticas: O câncer de pênis e seu itinerário; O corpo após a doença e seus tratamentos; O câncer e suas repercussões sociais: o trabalho, o lazer e as relações sociais; Por trás do visível: a confidencialidade da doença; A sexualidade pós- tratamento; Um homem inteiro ou meio homem: a ressignificação das masculinidades; Recursos de apoio social; O hoje e as expectativas para o futuro. Por meio das sínteses narrativas é possível conhecer os sentidos que os homens empregaram ao adoecimento e como a doença afetou sua masculinidade. Estes achados permitiram alcançar o significado de ser homem sobrevivente do câncer de pênis e seus tratamentos, que pode ser compreendido pela expressão "ser meio homem". Desde o início do diagnóstico até a vida no pós- tratamento, os homens negociam suas masculinidades com o mundo social, e percebem que algumas características adquiridas durante o adoecimento os tornam diferente dos demais homens, tais como se assumir doente, a extirpação total ou parcial do pênis, redução da força física, impossibilidade de trabalhar e alterações na prática sexual. Comprovo, então, que a cultura tem influência na forma que os homens lidam com suas masculinidades, uma vez que os adoecidos constantemente revisitam seus padrões culturais de masculinidade para obedecê- lo ou ressignificá-lo. Os enfermeiros podem utilizar os achados deste estudo para refletir sua prática de cuidado aos homens com câncer e para desenvolverem outras pesquisas que o complementem

Penile cancer is a disease of low incidence, and its manifestation is associated with intrinsic and extrinsic factors, and its main form of treatment is the penectomy. Due to the fact that the disease occurs in the male genital organ, I sought to know how the ill men deal with their masculinities in the disease situation. Thus, I proposed the thesis that culture influences in the way as the penile cancer survivors deal with their masculinities. The aim of this study is to interpret the meanings attributed to the experience with penile cancer and its treatments by the ill men. The theoretical framework adopted was medical anthropology and masculinities, since both considered culture as an important element in the social world. In order to understand the culture of the other people is necessary to experience it closely, for this reason I chose to develop the narrative ethnography. This method proposes to the researcher the use of techniques such as participant observation, mult iple interviews, the use of field diary, thematic analysis and the presentation of results in the structure of narratives that contain the story of participants' experiences. I emphasize that the narrative has as main objective to show the transformations lived by the deponents, considering the common and divergent aspects of the interviewees. We selected 18 men with the diagnosis of penile cancer in the uro-oncology clinic of a hospital in the interior of São Paulo. The social and clinical characteristics of the interviewees are similar to the national and international data regarding the low incidence of the disease, age group and the treatments used. From the process of analysis it was possible to construct eight thematic syntheses: Penile cancer and its itinerary; The body after disease and its treatments; Cancer and its social repercussions: work, leisure and social relations; Behind the visible: the confidentiality of the disease; The sexuality post-treatment; The whole man or half man: resignification of masculinities; Social support resources; The today and expectations for the future. Through narrative syntheses it was possible to comprehend the meaning attributed by the patients, what they assigned to illness and how that disease affected their masculinity. These findings allowed us to achieve the meaning of being a man penile cancer survivor and its treatments, which can be understood by the expression "being half man". From the onset of diagnosis up to life post-treatment, men negotiate their masculinities with the social world, and realize that some characteristics acquired during illness make them different from other men, such as, to assume themselves as sickness, the fact that they have total or partial penile extirpation, reduction of physical strength, impossibility of working and changes in sexual practice. I then show that culture influences the way men deal with their masculinities, since the ill men are constantly revisiting their cultural patterns of masculinity to obey or re-signify it. Nurses can use the findings of this study to reflect their practice of caring for men with cancer and to develop further researches that complements this one

Epidemiological study of penile cancer in Pernambuco: experience of two reference centers

Objectives To investigate and analyze the epidemiological profile of penile cancer in the state of Pernambuco and compare this information with other studies related to the issue. Material and Methods We conducted a retrospective, observational and descriptive study of all patients with penile cancer in two reference centers in Pernambuco - Brazil, from 2007 to 2012. The variables studied were: age, region from the state, socio-economic situation, previous postectomy, smoking, time from the beginning of injury to diagnosis, staging of the primary lesion, tumor differentiation, treatment performed and death due to cancer. Results The total number of patients was 88. The highest prevalence was seen in those aged between 66 and 75 years. About the socio-economic situation, 67% worked informally and 64.8% received up to two minimum wages. Of all patients, 57% were married and 50% illiterate. The Metropolitan Region of Recife was the one with the highest number of cases, 41%. Tobacco smoking was reported in 48.9% of cases and prior postectomy in 3.4%. Most often it was observed an average period of six months from the onset of symptoms to diagnosis. And when the lesion was diagnosed, it usually had 2 to 5 cm (64.7%), stage T2 in 50% and well differentiated in 79.6%. Partial penectomy was performed in 76.1% and total in 17%. Death was observed in 27.3%. Conclusion The clinical profile and epidemiological characteristics found in this study are similar to other national and international studies related to the issue, i.e., typical of underdeveloped or developing countries. .

Penile primary melanoma: analysis of 6 patients treated at Brazilian national cancer institute in the last eight years

Purpose To describe our experience in treating penile melanoma in 06 patients followed at our institution. Materials and Methods Between 2004 and 2012 six consecutive patients with penile melanoma were treated at our Institution. Stage of the disease was classified according to the 2002 AJCC pathologic system. Melanoma in situ (TIS) was diagnosed in one patient. One patient was staged as T1b, two patients as T2b and two patients as T4b. The clinical and pathological findings were evaluated. Immunohistochemical tests were performed for Melan-A, HNB-45, S-100 and C-KIT. All histological specimens were examined by the same pathologist (ABSS). The patients with Cis, stages T1b and one patient T2b underwent only local excision. One patient T2b underwent local excision and sentinel lymph node dissection. Two patients with melanoma stage T4b underwent partial penile amputation. One of these last patients had palpable inguinal lymph nodes at diagnosis and underwent bilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy and received systemic chemotherapy (dacarbazine, 30 cycles). Results Mean follow-up was 36.3 months. One patient, with stage T2b, died after 12 months due to disease recurrence with bilateral inguinal involvement. The patient who underwent chemotherapy progressed with lung metastases and died after 14 months of follow up. The disease-free survival at five years was 33.3%. Conclusion: Penile melanoma is a disease with poor prognosis in most cases. Local excision or partial penile amputation may have effective control for stages T1 and T2 lesions. Patients who have clinically proven metastases died despite surgical and adjuvant chemotherapy. .

Condiloma acuminado gigante (tumor de Buschke-Lowenstein): presentación de un caso / Giant acuminated condiloma (Bushke-Lowenstein tumor): case report

El condiloma gigante del pene o tumor de Buschke-Lowenstein, es un tumor epitelial benigno de origen viral y sexualmente transmisible, que en raros casos puede malignizar. Su histología se caracteriza por papilomatosis y acantosis endo y exofítica. Existen diferentes tratamientos del tumor, pero el más efectivo es la resección quirúrgica radical para evitar recidivas y malignización. Describir y documentar un caso de un condiloma acuminado gigante o tumor de Buschke-Lowenstein. Revisaremos la bibliografía existente sobre este tipo de tumor. Paciente masculino de 51 años de edad con lesiones vegetantes de 6 años de evolución, que se extienden desde la región perianal a perineal y ambas regiones inguinales, escroto y base de pene, a quien se le realizó resección quirúrgica amplia de la lesión. El estudio anatomopatológico reporta condiloma acuminado gigante, con inflamación crónica severa sobre agregada, el paciente mantiene resultados funcionales y estéticos muy satisfactorios después de la cirugía. El tumor de Buschke-Lowenstein es un condiloma acuminado gigante que se presenta con más frecuencia en hombres, benigno, cuyas lesiones clínicas son mayores de 10 cm, por lo que el tratamiento de elección debe ser siempre quirúrgico.

The giant condyloma of the penis or denominated Buschke-Lowenstein tumor is a benign epithelial tumor of viral origin and its sexually transmissible, in rare cases can become transformation to malignant. Histology is characterized by papillomatosis and acanthosis endophytic and exophytic. There are different treatments of the tumor, but the most effective of them is the radical surgical resection to prevent recurrences and the malignant transformation of the lesion. To describe and document a case view of us in our institution of giant condyloma acuminatum or Buschke-Lowenstein tumor. We will review the existent literature on this type of tumor. Male patient 51 years old with vegetative lesions of 6 years of evolution, extending from the perineal and per anal region to groins, the scrotum and the penis base, who underwent extensive surgical resection treatment. The pathology reports giant condyloma acuminatum with severe chronic inflammation, actually the patient maintains satisfactory functional and aesthetic results after the surgery. The Buschke-Lowenstein tumor is a giant condyloma acuminated it´s occurs more often in men, benign clinical lesions which are greater than 10 cm, so the treatment of choice should always be the surgical.

Carcinoma epidermoide do pênis: estudo clínico-patológico de 34 casos / Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis: clinicopathologic study of 34 cases

FUNDAMENTOS: No Brasil, a incidência do câncer do pênis é de 8,3 casos/100.000 habitantes, contrastando com 0,7 na Europa e nos Estados Unidos. Em 95 por cento dos casos, trata-se do carcinoma epidermoide. Em geral, é diagnosticado tardiamente. OBJETIVOS: Descrever as características clínico-patológicas do carcinoma epidermoide do pênis, registradas no Hospital entre 1978 e 2004. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional transversal. Incluíram-se os casos de carcinoma epidermoide do pênis, confirmados histologicamente. Avaliaram-se, pessoalmente, os pacientes que atenderam à convocação para o estudo, enquanto os demais tiveram seus dados pesquisados nos prontuários médicos. RESULTADOS: Registraram-se 34 pacientes com carcinoma epidermoide do pênis: 8 in situ e 26 invasivos, com idade média de 54,7 12,5 anos, respectivamente. A± 22,4 e 64,7 ±, (este trecho ficou truncado e não consegui entendê-lo. Será que o autor poderia revisá-lo?!) A glande foi acometida em 91,1 por cento dos casos e o prepúcio, em 41,1 por cento. Os carcinomas epidermoides in situ exibiam pápulas ou eritema e erosão, geralmente menores do que 2 cm. Os invasivos mostravam úlceras e/ou vegetações, geralmente únicas, e maiores do que 2 cm. Dos CE invasivos, 80,8 por cento eram bem diferenciados; metade encontrava-se no estágio I TNM e o restante, do II ao IV; 16 pacientes tiveram o pênis amputado e 3 faleceram. CONCLUSÕES: O câncer do pênis é raro, acomete adultos de todas as faixas etárias e o tratamento pode ser agressivo. O aspecto clínico inespecífico das lesões iniciais, o insuficiente treinamento médico em lesões dermatológicas e a carência de rotinas de investigação diagnóstica, tratamento e acompanhamento destes casos contribuem para o mau prognóstico desta neoplasia.

BACKGROUND: In Brazil, the incidence of penile cancer is 8.3 cases per 100,000 population, in contrast to 0.7 in Europe and the United States. 95 percent of these cases correspond to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). It is usually diagnosed late. OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinicopathologic features of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis registered at the Hospital between 1978 and 2004. METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study. We included cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis that were histologically confirmed. Those patients who responded to the study call were evaluated in person, while others had their data researched in medical records. RESULTS: 34 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis were registered: 8 in situ and 26 invasive, with a mean age of 54.7 ± 22.4 and 64,7 ± 12.5 years, respectively. Glans cancer was involved in 91.1 percent of the cases and the foreskin in 41.1 percent. SCC in situ exhibited papules or erythema and erosion, usually smaller than 2 cm. Invasive SCC was characterized by ulcers and/or vegetation, usually single and bigger than 2 cm. Of the invasive cases, 80.8 percent were well differentiated; half was in the TNM stage I and the remaining in stages II to IV. 16 patients had their penis amputated, and 3 died. CONCLUSIONS: Cancer of the penis is rare and affects adults of all ages and treatment can be aggressive. The nonspecific clinical appearance of early lesions, insufficient medical training in skin lesions and lack of routine diagnostic investigation, treatment and follow up of these cases contribute to the poor prognosis of this neoplasm.

Penile cancer in jamaicans managed at the university hospital of the West Indies / El cáncer de pene en jamaicanos tratados en el hospital universitario de West Indies

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and clinicopathological correlates of penile cancer as well as the clinical outcomes in a sample of Jamaicans managed at the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI). METHODS: All available records of patients diagnosed with penile cancer from 1998-2008 at the UHWI were obtained. Patient demographics, circumcision status, sexually transmitted infection status, lesion duration, location and size, and lymph node status were obtained. Histology, differentiation and stage were recorded. Information was obtained regarding treatment and outcome. The current data were compared with a previous report from UHWI in 1959. RESULTS: The records of 22 of 26 patients with penile cancer were available for review. Mean (SD) age of patients was 68 (13) years. Eighteen (86%) patients were uncircumcised. Mean tumour size was 5.7 (2.6) cm; 8 (36%) lesions involved the entire penis. Sixteen (73%) lesions had clinically regional disease and 11 (52%) patients had advanced pathological stage. Surgical treatment was performed in 15 (68%) patients. Case fatality was 38%, with median survival following surgical intervention of 38 person-months. The major predictor of death in this series was increasing age (HR = 1.06, 95% CI 0.99, 1.1, p = 0.079). There was an increase in age and clinical stage of the cancer at presentation in the current series; however, there was no difference in survival. CONCLUSION: Penile cancer is an uncommon cancer, seen at an advanced stage in Jamaicans. Overall survival is poor and advanced age is a major predictor of death.

OBJETIVOS: El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la prevalencia y los correlatos clínico-patológicos del cáncer de pene así como los resultados clínicos en una muestra de jamaicanos tratados en el Hospital Universitario de West Indies (HUWI). MÉTODOS: Se obtuvieron todas las historias clínicas disponibles de los pacientes diagnosticados con cáncer de pene en el Hospital Universitario de West Indies en el período de 1998-2008. Se obtuvieron datos de los pacientes en relación con la demografía, estado de circuncisión, estado de infecciones de transmisión sexual, duración de la lesión, localización y tamaño, y condición de los nódulos linfáticos. Se registraron datos sobre la histología, la diferenciación y las etapas. Se obtuvo la información con respecto al tratamiento y la evolución clínica. Los datos corrientes se compararon con un informe anterior de UHWI en 1959. RESULTADOS: Las historias clínicas de 22 de 26 pacientes con cáncer de pene, estuvieron disponibles para su revisión. La edad promedio (SD) de los pacientes fue 68 (13) años. Dieciocho (86%) pacientes eran incircuncisos. El tamaño promedio del tumor fue 5.7 (2.6) cm; 8 (36%) lesiones involucraron el pene entero. Dieciséis (73%) lesiones tenían enfermedad regional clínicamente, y 11 (52%) pacientes estaban en la fase patológica avanzada. El tratamiento quirúrgico se realizó en 15 (68%) pacientes. La fatalidad de los casos fue de 38%, con una supervivencia promedio tras intervención quirúrgica de 38 persona-meses. El predictor mayor de muerte en esta serie fue la edad creciente (HR = 1.06, 95% CI 0.99, 1.1, p = 0.079). Se produjo un aumento en la edad y la fase clínica del cáncer con la presentación de la serie corriente. Sin embargo, no hubo ninguna diferencia en relación con la supervivencia. CONCLUSIÓN: El cáncer de pene es un cáncer raro, visto en una fase avanzada en jamaicanos. La supervivencia global es pobre y la edad avanzada es un predictor mayor de muerte.

Aspectos clínico-epidemiológicos associados ao câncer de pênis / Clinico-epidemiological aspects associated with penile cancer

O objetivo desta revisão bibliográfica foi descrever a epidemiologia, o comportamento biológico dos tumores e os fatores de risco para o câncer de pênis, como a infecção pelo HPV. A fimose e os processos de irritação crônica relacionados à má higiene estão comumente associados com esse tumor, enquanto a circuncisão neonatal protege contra a aparição da doença. Existe forte evidência da associação dos HPV 16 e 18 com o carcinoma peniano em mais de 50 por cento dos casos. Pacientes com lesões penianas suspeitas devem se submeter ao exame físico, geralmente sendo este suficiente para determinar o diagnóstico e o estadiamento, assim como auxiliar na escolha terapêutica.

The general objective of this article is to review the current literature regarding the epidemiology, biological behavior and risk factors for penile cancer development, such as HPV infection. Phimosis and chronic irritation related to poor hygiene are commonly associated with penile cancer, whereas neonatal circumcision reduces the relative risk for the disease. There is strong evidence that HPV types 16 and 18 are associated with penile carcinoma in as many as 50 percent of cases. Patients with penile lesions should undergo physical examination, which is often sufficient to diagnose and to define tumor stagging, as well as contributes to decision-making regarding therapeutical approaches and case management.

Carcinoma de pene estudio retrospectivo (1990-1995) / Penis carcinoma retrospective study (1990-1995) carcinoma of prostata

Se examinaron 54 historias clínicas de pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer de pene ingresados en los hospitales Guayaquil y Solca desde 1990 a 1995, tomando en cuenta la edad, sintomatología, ubicación geográfica, tipo de tratamiento y antecedentes patológicos. Los resultados demostraron que la mayo frecuencia de esta patología se observa en varones adultos en un 29.6xciento entre los 30 a 40 años y que una de las provincias que mayor incidencia presenta es la provincia del Guayas en un promedio de un 44xciento. La sintomatología frecuente por la que asistieron a la consulta fue por presentar una zona de induración exitematosa que fue aumentando hasta convertirse en una zona ulcerosa sangrante y no dolorosa. El diagnóstico se lo obtiene a través del cuadro clínico y por biopsia acompañado de exámenes sreológicos, la forma más fácil de prevenir el cáncer de pene es mediante la circunscición temprana. El único tratamiento considerado como definitivo es la amputación utilizandose técnicas requeridas según el avance de esta patología como tratamiento coadyuvante al tratamiento quirúrgico se utiliza la radioterapia a dosis de 5000 a 5700 rads durante 3 semanas y quimioterapia con el empleo de bleomicina y cisplasstionium.

Linfadenectomía y factores pronósticos en el carcinoma de pene / Lymphadenectomy and pronostic factors in penile carcinoma

El tratamiento del cáncer de pene sigue siendo controversial, el manejo de la metástasis ganglionares es el factor más importante en estos pacientes, ya que la presencia de invasión tumoral ganglionar representa el principal factor pronóstico. Entre 1983 y 1993 fueron atendidos en nuestro centro 59 pacientes consecutivos con Carcicoma de Pene. De estos, solo fueron evaluables 50 pacientes con una tasa global de sobrevida de 66 por ciento. La tasa global de sobrevida por estadios por tres años: fue para el Estadio 0 100 por ciento, Estadio I: 79,17 por ciento, Estadio II: 71,43 por ciento, Estadio III: 30 por ciento, y para Estadio IV: 0 por ciento. La tasa de sobrevida según la invasión ganglionar fue: 80 por ciento (NO), 50 por ciento (NI), y en N2 y N3 no hubo sobrevivientes. La tasa de sobrevida de estos pacientes según los diferentes grados histológicos fue peor en la lesiones pobremente diferenciadas (G3); siendo solamente entre grado de diferenciación, de mal pronóstico estadísticamente significativo. Al momento del diagnóstico 26 pacientes no presentaron adenopatías clínicamente evidentes, y no se les realizó linfadenectomía inguinal, presentando una tasa recidivas del 30,77 por ciento, con una mortalidad global del 26,92 por ciento. Todos los pacientes tratados con linfadenectomía inmediata o diferida en los estadios I y II, sobrevivieron. La linfadenectomía inmediata es el tratamiento adecuado para los pacientes sin adenopatías palpables desde el estadio I en adelante, independientemente del grado de diferenciación histológica. Se evalúan y discuten las diferentes modalidades terapéuticas realizadas en el manejo de los ganglios linfáticos regionales

Carcinoma epidermoide del pene en un adolescente: informe de un caso / Carcinoma of the penis in adolescents: A report case

Se informa de un paciente masculino de 15 años de edad, no circuncidado, con deficiente higiene personal y sin antecedentes de vida sexual activa, con un tumor en el pene. La biopsia confirmó carcinoma bien diferenciado, invasor con metástasis a los ganglios linfáticos de la región inguinal. En el tejido de la biopsia se realizó la búsqueda de ADN del virus del papiloma humano tipos 8, 11, 12 y 16 por la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa, la cual fue negativa. Al paciente se le propuso penectomía la que rechazó. Se dio tratamiento paliativo con quimioterapia y radioterapia. Posteriormente presento necrosis total del pene con amputación espontánea. Este es el primer caso de carcinoma epidermoide del pene en un adolescente informado en la literatura latinoamericana

Cáncer del pene: experiencia en el tratamiento de 52 pacientes / Penis cancer: experience with the treatment of 52 patients

La finalidad de este estudio es el análisis de 52 pacientes operados en el Hospital de Especialidades por cáncer de pene, lo cual demostró la utilidad de la linfadenectomía inguinal pélvica, además de la penectomía, la confiabilidad del ganglio centinela (Cabañas) y la estirpe más frecuente. A 12 pacientes (23 por ciento) se les trató con penectomía, a ocho de ellos en forma parcial y a otros cuatro, total. De los ocho operados, todos viven sin metástasis; de los otros cuatro, tres murieron por metástasis y el otro aún vive sin metástasis. Otros 25 pacientes (48 por ciento) fueron sometidos a penectomía más linfadenectomía inguinal; 19 de ellos a penectomía parcial y los seis restantes a penectomía total. Dos semanas después se les realizó linfadenectomía y en 21 (84 por ciento) fue negativa; de éstos, viven 20 sin metástasis y el otro murió por otra causa. Los cuatro restantes fueron positivos y murieron sin aceptar otro tratamiento, por lo que no se corroboró la existencia de metástasis. En el tercer grupo se realizó penectomía más linfadenectomía inguinal a las seis semanas. Se efectuó linfadenectomía pélvica en 15 pacientes (28.8 por ciento), siete de los cuales se sometiron a linfadenectomía inguinal y pélvica positiva, otros siete murieron por metástasis, y el último murió sin comprobar metástasis

Resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico del carcinoma de pene / Results of the surgical treatment of carcinoma of the penis

Se presentan los resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico de 66 pacientes con carcinoma del pene tratados en el Hospital de Oncología, entro Médico Nacional, IMSS, de 1963 a 1977. Se efectuó resección parcial o completa del pene con linfadenectomía inguinocrural bilateral superficial en todos los casos, excepto en dos. Las complicaciones del procedimiento fueron infecciones de la penectomía en 51.6%, infecciones de la linfadenectomía en 53.1%, estenosis del meato uretral en 28.8%, edema de las extremidades inferiores en 31%, necrosis de los congajos en 25% y tromboflebitis en 3%. El promedio de supervivencia fue de 96% a cinco años para las etapas I y II, y no la hubo para las etapas III y IV. Se sugiere que al agregar linfadenectomía pélvica se puede modificar la historia natural de la enfermedad. En vista de la elevada morbilidad de la misma, el criterio actual es hacer biopsia del ganglio de Cabañas y que, de resultar positiva, se complemente el tratamiento con linfadenectomía inguinopélvica